Basic chemistry

  CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Classification of organic compounds based on structure or carbon skeleton  Video link  Organic Compound are divided into two types they are  1. Open chain  2. Closed chain  1. Aliphatic or Open chain compounds : Those compounds in which first & last carbon atoms are not connected with each other. Branched or unbranched chains are possible in these compounds.  For example : Aliphatic or open chain compounds are two varieties in these compounds - Saturated Hydrocarbons :  In such type, adjacent carbon are attached with single bonds. Example - CH 3 –CH 2 –CH 3    General formula of these compounds are C n H 2n+2    These are also called as paraffins (Parum + Affins i.e. little reactivity) because these are less reactive due to absence of 𝝅-bonds. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons : There will be a double bond or a triple bond between any two carbon atoms, CH 2 =CH–CH 3 Propene CH≡C–CH 3 Propyne   General formula is C n H 2n or C n H 2n–2    These a

MENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS   HISTORY :  In 1675, Nicholas Lemery had devided chemical substances into 3 parts. Mineral substance : which are obtained from minerals. eg. gold, silver, iron etc.  Vegetable substance : which are obtained from vegetables. eg. sugar, citric acid etc.   Animal substance : which are obtained from animals. eg. albumin, gilatin etc. After some time when many of the chemical substance were discovered, it was found that some of them can be obtained from both vegetables and animals. So this classification was failed. So chemical substance were then divided into two parts :            (i) Organic compounds : which are obtained from living organism.            (ii) Inorganic compounds : compounds which are obtained from any other sources except                        living organisms. VFT(Vital Force Theory) :  By Berzelius in 1815. Upto 1815, any organic compound could not be synthesized in lab. So Berzelius suggested that there is a mysterious force in living

  Introduction  Matter is made up of atoms or molecules. The arrangement of these molecules determines the state of matter. There are three recognised state of matter : Solid, Liquid and Gas. Matter can change between states when the temperature or pressure is changed. State changes of matter are physical rather than chemical. Difference between states of matter  GASEOUS STATE  Important properties of gases :  ( i ) Mass : Mass in gm = Moles × Molecular mass.  (i i) Volume : Volume of the gas is the volume of container in which they are filled in.  (iii) Temperature : Temperature of a gas is the measure of kinetic energy of gas.                      Kinetic energy ∝ Temperature ( i v) Pressure : Pressure of gas is defined as the force exerted by the gas on the walls of its container. It is often assumed that pressure is isotropic, i.e. it is the same in all the three directions.  Pressure = Force/ Area   P = Mg/ A = (v× d× g )/A  = (A ×h× d× g)/ A   P = hdg  Where.... h = height of th

  Conductors and non-conductors   ( a ) Non - conductor or insulator : Substances which do not allow electric current to pass through them are called non-conductors or insulators.examples - pure water, ice, glass, rubber etc. ( b ) Conductor :  Substances which allow electric current to flow through them are called conductors. Examples -Metals, Aqueous solution of acids, bases and salts, fused salts and impure water etc. Conductors are of two types : (i) Metallic conductors (ii) Electrolytic conductors or electrolytes. ( i ) Metallic conductors : The conductors which conduct electric current by movement of electrons without undergoing any chemical change are known as metallic conductors.Metals (Cu,Ag,Fe,Al etc), non metals (graphite) and various alloys and minerals are examples. (i i) Electrolytic conductors : Those substances whose water solution conducts the electric current and which are decomposed by the passage of current are called electrolytes. In this case, conduction takes pl