Basic chemistry

 Inside the atom  Inside an atom is a fascinating and intricate world that forms the basis of all matter in the universe. The basic structure of an atom consists of a nucleus at the center, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Atom  1. Nucleus:  The nucleus is the central core of an atom, and it contains protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged particles, while neutrons have no charge (they are neutral). Both protons and neutrons are collectively known as nucleons. The strong nuclear force, one of the fundamental forces in nature, holds the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus. 2. Electrons: Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in energy levels or electron shells. Each shell can hold a specific number of electrons, and electrons closer to the nucleus have lower energy levels than those farther away. The behavior of electrons is described by quantum mechanics, and they exhibit both wave-like and particle-like propert...

What is matter ?    Matter is a term used in physics or chemistry to refer to anything that has mass and occupies space. In other words, it is the substance of which all physical objects are made. This includes everything we can see, touch, and interact with in the universe. Matter is composed of elementary particles, the most common of which are atoms and molecules. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, and they consist of a nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Molecules, on the other hand, are groups of atoms chemically bonded together. There are four fundamental states of matter: 1. Solid: In solids, atoms or molecules are tightly packed and have a fixed shape and volume. The particles vibrate around fixed positions. 2. Liquid: Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container. The particles in liquids are still close together, but they can move more freely than in a solid. 3. Gas: Gases have no fixed shape or volu...